Marketing
What is marketing?
By definition - the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising.
What marketing is, is basically the methods of selling products. So it is the finding or designing and manufacturing a product that you think people will need or want. And then finding a market to sell this product to (a target audience). And then to begin to raise awareness of the product among consumers of the market, and introducing it to them in a way that makes the product desirable to them.
Another way to tackle the design process would be to go the the market and ask for what is it that the market needs. And then tailoring your product to what the market needs.
Another way that is very widely used is to buy a product instead of making it yourself and then selling it on.
Another way to tackle the design process would be to go the the market and ask for what is it that the market needs. And then tailoring your product to what the market needs.
Another way that is very widely used is to buy a product instead of making it yourself and then selling it on.
Examples of advertising methods
Below I have written some examples of advertising methods and compared small company's to big company's
TV / radio adverts - comparing small company's to big company's
TV adverts and radio adverts are a very widely used marketing method. these methods can be used by both big company's and small company's. The bigger company's will have bigger budgets so they will be able to go on the bigger radio canals and the big TV channel where there will be a lot of people listening. The times in with you choose to have your advert played will also effect the costs a lot. Big company will be able to afford better time slots for there adverts.
On the outer hand the smaller company who do not have as much funds to put into there marketing and promotion. TV advertising on the main channels will be far to expensive for the smaller company's to afford. They will have to go for the smaller, local radio stations and the TV channels that less people watch. So for smaller company's it is clear to see that TV advertisement will probably not be as effective as it would for the larger radio stations.
On the outer hand the smaller company who do not have as much funds to put into there marketing and promotion. TV advertising on the main channels will be far to expensive for the smaller company's to afford. They will have to go for the smaller, local radio stations and the TV channels that less people watch. So for smaller company's it is clear to see that TV advertisement will probably not be as effective as it would for the larger radio stations.
Flyers / posters / billboards ect- Comparing bethween big and small companys
Flyers and posters are used by both, big and small company's to market and promote products. When a smaller company dose it, they will not have as much money to get the posters put up in really good locations as the bigger company's would have and they will not has as mutch money to have the flyers being handed out by lots of people in good locations as the bigger company's would have eater.
There is a whole scale above just flyering and putting up poster that is used a lot by very big company's. This is things like billboards. Another really good example that I have found is how very big company's get there logos put in spotrs stadiums when there is events there so all of the crowd see it and then it is put on tv so that people wjo are watching al how will aslos see the logos. This is when a company's sponsor a evnt or a team or a sporting event or something along thoses lines. You obviously need a lot of money to be a sponsor and that is why you will not see small independent company's sponsoring huge events and things like that.
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Social networking / Online - big company's compared to small company's
Online marketing plays a huge roll in bot small company marketing and big company marketing. Using online marketing methods is defiantly one of the best ways to market your product if you are aiming to sell it to th younger generations. The reason for this is that the young generations spend so much of there time online, of social networking sites like Facebook and twitter. And if the marketing is done correctly, it can be very easy to to get you advert to spread to a lot of people. This can be done through people sharing things on Facebook. It is a very quick and easy way to expand the reach of your advert for marketing.
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Because so many people uses sites like Facebook, you can now pay to have your adverts put up on Facebook. You can pay anything from just £3 all the way to tens of thousands of pounds to get your advert to be on the side so peoples Facebook screens. This advertising method is widely used by both big and small company's and it can be very effective when done right. The bigger company's will have more funds so can put in more money and there for have a bigger reach for there advert, where as the small company's will have to concentrate on getting good placement of the fewer adverts they can afford to put up.
Newspapers / Online articles - comparing large company's to small company's
Marketing in the newspaper, is another very effective way for both small company's and larger company's to market the products and make the public aware of there new products.
Smaller company's would have to have smaller averts in the papers and possibly have to go for smaller newspaper company's to keep the costs to a minimum. Like you can see in the picture on the right of this paragraph, there is a page full of adverts. |
When a larger company's puts adverts in the newspaper they will have more money so it means that they can afford to put in bigger adverts. In some cases, the adverts take up the whole page, like you can see in the picture on the left of this paragraph.
As well as having better placement inside the newspapers and having bigger adverts so that it catches the readers eye, the bigger company's can afford to put there adverts in bigger newspapers like the 'Daily Mail' and 'The Times' and 'The Sun'. This means that they are guaranteed that a lot of people will read the advert because there are a lot of people who buy the news paper every week. |
Email Marketing - comparing big and small company's
Email marketing is another way that big and small company's market. What this type of marketing is very effective because you can contact the exact audience that you are aiming for very effectively. This this type of marketing consists of is making a mailing list of people who will be interested in buying your product and then sending them a email, making the product sound really good, maybe with a link to good reviews on the product and then where they can buy it for a price using a discount code or something. This is a very effective way of making sure you target the right audience an it is very cost effective. That is why it is used by both big and small company's.
press adverts/interviews
Interviews with the press is another thing that both big and small company's do to get thee product seen by there target audiences. On one side of the scale, the big company's might be having there interviews put up on big websites and blogs and maybe even on the major radio or the TV channels where as the smaller company's will be having the interviews broadcast on smaller radio stations or maybe just uploaded to youtube. |
Comparing different marketing methods and how affective they are
The different marketing methods that i have listed above are effective in different ways. Some of them are great at creating a buzz on line through social media and things like that where as others of them are good at creating a buzz through the word of mouth and people talking. Some of the marketing methods are more affective at reaching a specific target audience and outers are more effecting at just reaching a huge range of people.
When we compare marketing through social networking sites like Facebook we can clearly see that using that method is more affective at reaching the younger generations that putting adverts in a newspaper would be. The reason that that is the case is because social networking is used so much in the younger generations and all you need to do to reach the younger generations is make your product assessable through social media. The older generations will not be as heavily involved in this beaus they will not be as into social media as the younger generations. So it is not good spending loads on money on a online marting campaign for a product that is for older people because it will not interest the younger people of the social networking sites who are the ones who will see it. The same goes with newspapers. The adverts that are put in newspapers are going to be read a lot more by people of the older generations. So it would not be as effective putting a advert for a product that appeals to the younger generations in a newspaper that is prominently read my older people. There are different ways of reaching different target audiences and when we compare these two ways it is clear to see that online and social media marketing is more effective to reach younger people while on the other hand, adverts in the newspapers is more effective for reaching the e older generations.
When we compare marketing through social networking sites like Facebook we can clearly see that using that method is more affective at reaching the younger generations that putting adverts in a newspaper would be. The reason that that is the case is because social networking is used so much in the younger generations and all you need to do to reach the younger generations is make your product assessable through social media. The older generations will not be as heavily involved in this beaus they will not be as into social media as the younger generations. So it is not good spending loads on money on a online marting campaign for a product that is for older people because it will not interest the younger people of the social networking sites who are the ones who will see it. The same goes with newspapers. The adverts that are put in newspapers are going to be read a lot more by people of the older generations. So it would not be as effective putting a advert for a product that appeals to the younger generations in a newspaper that is prominently read my older people. There are different ways of reaching different target audiences and when we compare these two ways it is clear to see that online and social media marketing is more effective to reach younger people while on the other hand, adverts in the newspapers is more effective for reaching the e older generations.
Adverts on the radio are another very effective way to market and promote a product. You can reach a huge audience if your advert is played in the right place at the right time so it can be very effective. It is not a very cost affective method however. When we compare it to putting up posters, we can see that they are each at a very different ends of the scale. Putting up posters is a very cost affective way to promote and market a product and much like having adverts played on the radio and having adverts played on the TV, posters can be very effective when put up at the right time in the right place. These two ways of marketing bot have the potential to reach a lot of people with the message of the product that they are promoting. They do it in different ways though. They way that TV and radio adverts do it is through people hearing them when there are at home or in the car or anywhere for that matter. This means that the advert will be heard and seen by a huge range of people and it is very hard to control what audiences hear it. The only way that you can control the audiences who hear and see the advert is by what time you put the advert on and what channel you put the advert on. hen you compare this to putting up posters you can see that you can control who sees the poster going by where you put the poster and how you style the poster. If you want to reach a younger audience you would put the poster in a place that mainly young people go. And if you wanted to reach older audiences then you would put the poster in a place that mainly old people go. You can style the posters so that they grab the attention of whatever market you are aiming for. This is also very affecting. So hear you can see how affective using posters is in comparison to adverts on the TV and on the radio.
Marketing methods commonly used by small company's - Small budget
Smaller company's do not have as much money in that as the big company's. Because of this they tend to use some of the cheaper marketing methods. These are thing like: Flyers, posters, the internet and value additions. The cost effectiveness of using techneeks like flyering is very good because the only real costs that you need to worry about are the the printing costs. And possibly paying someone to go and give out the flyers in a suitable location. As you can see, it can be a very cost effective form of marketing. That also goes for posters. You do have to pay sometimes to put them in very good locations but not all the time. That is another very good example. Another very good way of marketing that is commonly used by smaller company is making a mailing list and sending the new products adverts and things directly to potential customers. This is a very good way to make the most of the technology available to us in this day and age through marketing. It means that you only send the emails to people who are lightly to like the product. So you are not wasting your time pitching the product to someone who has no interest whatsoever of buying the product.
Even though smaller company do not have as much funds as the bigger company, it dose not mean it rules out some of the methods bigger company use. It just means doing them on a smaller scale. For example, when a big company might put a advert on a big radio station like BBC Radio 1. A small company might just put it on a local radio station because its cheaper.
So to summarise some of the ways that a smaller company will go about marketing there product. They will uses a lot of online marketing like social media to reach there target audiences. They will do this through advertisements on Facebook and creating a on line buzz around there product through shares and comments on social networking sites to expand the reach of there adverts and there posts about the new product. They will do this because it is very cost affective and there is a huge amount of people who use social networking so it is easy to find a target audience and pitch there product towards that target audience. As well as using on-line methods they wall as put up posters in the right locations to generate a buzz about there product through word of mouth and people seeing there posters and waiting to know more about it. They will make the posters in such a way that they catch peoples eye and make them interested in what they are trying to sell. Another way they will do it is that is similar to putting up posters is through giving out flyers in the most effective locations to continue of the buzz from word of moth much like the posters create. They will also make mailing lists to contact there target audience directly. They will also try and get radio time, through things like adverts and interviews. As well as being put on blogs.
Even though smaller company do not have as much funds as the bigger company, it dose not mean it rules out some of the methods bigger company use. It just means doing them on a smaller scale. For example, when a big company might put a advert on a big radio station like BBC Radio 1. A small company might just put it on a local radio station because its cheaper.
So to summarise some of the ways that a smaller company will go about marketing there product. They will uses a lot of online marketing like social media to reach there target audiences. They will do this through advertisements on Facebook and creating a on line buzz around there product through shares and comments on social networking sites to expand the reach of there adverts and there posts about the new product. They will do this because it is very cost affective and there is a huge amount of people who use social networking so it is easy to find a target audience and pitch there product towards that target audience. As well as using on-line methods they wall as put up posters in the right locations to generate a buzz about there product through word of mouth and people seeing there posters and waiting to know more about it. They will make the posters in such a way that they catch peoples eye and make them interested in what they are trying to sell. Another way they will do it is that is similar to putting up posters is through giving out flyers in the most effective locations to continue of the buzz from word of moth much like the posters create. They will also make mailing lists to contact there target audience directly. They will also try and get radio time, through things like adverts and interviews. As well as being put on blogs.
Marketing methods used by large company's / comparing to small company's
Larger company's have a lot of money behind them so they have a lot more ways in witch they can market themselves and they can promote whatever product they are trying to sell. They will still do the thing that low budget organisations do, but they will do it do it on a lot bigger scale. Here are some examples of how they would do it differently to smaller company. They would still do the flyering, but they would have a lot of people doing it in very busy places so that a lot of people get the flyers. They do this because they have a lot of money to pay the people to do the flyering. Look at the posters that small company's put up and then, look at the huge bill boards that go up on the side of buildings that big company's pay for. Big company's can also afford to sponsor things and have there logo exposed to the public a lot through this.
They will also go about using the same methods that smaller company's use. They will try to create a on line buzz using social networking sites. They will try to create a buzz though word of mouth through putting up posters and bill boards and handing out flyers in good locations. The difference between the way that they will do this and the way that a bigger company would do it is that they would have a lot more money behind them witch enables them to do everything a step up, on a bigger scale. They will be aiming to put more money into there flyering and posters ect and to reach a lot more people because of it.
The same goes for the adverts they will try get put on the TV and the radio. They will be aiming to get there adverts played on a lot more mainstream channels. BBC 1 is a great example of this and they will be paying a lot of money to be on these big channels and they will be paying a lot of money to have the adverts played at the best possible times when the post people will be watching or listening. A small company can not afford to do this simply because they do not have enough money to do that so they would have to aim for local radio and TV channels.
They will also go about using the same methods that smaller company's use. They will try to create a on line buzz using social networking sites. They will try to create a buzz though word of mouth through putting up posters and bill boards and handing out flyers in good locations. The difference between the way that they will do this and the way that a bigger company would do it is that they would have a lot more money behind them witch enables them to do everything a step up, on a bigger scale. They will be aiming to put more money into there flyering and posters ect and to reach a lot more people because of it.
The same goes for the adverts they will try get put on the TV and the radio. They will be aiming to get there adverts played on a lot more mainstream channels. BBC 1 is a great example of this and they will be paying a lot of money to be on these big channels and they will be paying a lot of money to have the adverts played at the best possible times when the post people will be watching or listening. A small company can not afford to do this simply because they do not have enough money to do that so they would have to aim for local radio and TV channels.
Indie
An independent record label is a record label that operates without funding like the major record labels have. An independent record label an often be referred to as an indie record label. Indie record labels sometimes depend on signing agreements with major record labels to help with the funding for projects with bigger artists. One of the good things about an independent record label is that they are more lightly to let you as a musician do things for your projects the way that you want to do them and they will often be more tolerant and let you do things your way. Major record labels are more lightly to be a bit more pushy and make you make your album of rep album the way that they think is right and the way that they think is cool and they are less lightly to take into account the way that you want to do things. There have been many artists that started on in independent record labels including Elvis Presily. When a band is sighed to an independent record label they might end up getting much higher royalties that they would get if they were sighed up to a Major record label. This is because most artists sighed on major record labels earn a 10 to 15% royalty on their music whereas when there are sighed on an independent record label they will probably get between 40 to 75% royalties on their music. The reason for this is that the production costs are much lowered when you produce music with an indie label than when you produce with a major label.
major
Major record labels are the record labels that have all the money and have the potential to make very good artists or bands into successful musicians who tour and play lots of live shows and sell lots of albums. Here are some examples of major record labels that most musicians will have heard of: Warner Music Group, Sony, BMG, Universal Music Group and EMI. Most major record label artists earn a 10 to 15% royalty on their music. But before the artist can receive there royalties their label must be clear of all debts related to their music. This means that the case could be that the artist won’t get paid until the record label has received all the money for the production the music and maybe the videos. When a band or an artist get signed to a major record label the recording for whatever they are producing will be done in a very professional recording studio. When recording with an indie label the recording is not lightly to be of the same quality as it would be in professional studio. However when you are signed to a major record label the label might want to produce your music in a way you don’t like. Unlike on an indie label where you are more lightly to be able to do things your way, the major label has the power to produce it how they like and they might not do what you want.
Indie v major
When you look at indie labels and major labels and how they market there music and there products. They follow the rules that I have written about in the sections above. It is the same as basic marketing for all company's. A indie label is a small independent label. This means that they don have a lot of funds and they don't have a lot of money behind them. They use a lot of the same methods that they would I they did have a lot of money, the only difference that they do them on a smaller scale.
If you look at a major label then you will see that they are the ones who have a lot of money. They can afford to advertise there music on the TV and put up big bill boards of bands. The major music labels can afford to pay a lot of money to bands that they ant to sign and then they can afford to put a lot of money into advertising the bands so that when people buy the bands music they will make the money from it unlike in indie labels where the labels will only get about %50 of the money.
If you look at a major label then you will see that they are the ones who have a lot of money. They can afford to advertise there music on the TV and put up big bill boards of bands. The major music labels can afford to pay a lot of money to bands that they ant to sign and then they can afford to put a lot of money into advertising the bands so that when people buy the bands music they will make the money from it unlike in indie labels where the labels will only get about %50 of the money.
Market research
What is primary research
By definition - Primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect yourself. Examples include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A good researcher knows how to use both primary and secondary sources in her writing and to integrate them in a cohesive fashion.
Primary research
Primary research is the kind of research when that you find out yourself. Instead or relying on what someone else has sound out. So for example: going out and getting people to do surveys is a very good example of primary research. Where as reading the results from someone elses servery's is secondary evidence.
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Primary research is a very important part of researching before you put a product on the market. It is a bit like testing the waters and seeing if the product will sink or float (work or fail). One good example of this is is getting people to fill in surveys, this is very effective because if you ask people who are a part of the market that you are pitching your product to then that is a very accurate way to find out weather or not they will buy you're product. The same goes fro questionnaires but that is a good way to get even more detail and really finding all of the floors in you're product so that you can fix them before it goes on the market. Another good method is doing that face to face in the form of an interview. Doing it in the form of and interview is just as good and means that people will not have as much time to think about the answer and will just give you a honest answer.
Secondary research
Secondary research is not the same as primary research Secondary research is the kind of research that you don't go out and find yourself. Often it is reading someone else's research in the form of a book or a website. Finding secondary research is a lot cheaper to fill out than finding primary research, because you have to pay someone to go out and get the primary research.
Secondary research is very difference to primary research because secondary research is researching events that have already happened and looking at past bushiness and the stats behind them so that you can adjust your business plan accordingly. Secondary evidence is through looking through previous records. The previous records will show where the business made money and where they lost money. This would be very helpful and make it easier to understand the market before you go into it.
What is primary research
By definition - Primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect yourself. Examples include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A good researcher knows how to use both primary and secondary sources in her writing and to integrate them in a cohesive fashion.
Primary research
Primary research is the kind of research when that you find out yourself. Instead or relying on what someone else has sound out. So for example: going out and getting people to do surveys is a very good example of primary research. Where as reading the results from someone elses servery's is secondary evidence.
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Primary research is a very important part of researching before you put a product on the market. It is a bit like testing the waters and seeing if the product will sink or float (work or fail). One good example of this is is getting people to fill in surveys, this is very effective because if you ask people who are a part of the market that you are pitching your product to then that is a very accurate way to find out weather or not they will buy you're product. The same goes fro questionnaires but that is a good way to get even more detail and really finding all of the floors in you're product so that you can fix them before it goes on the market. Another good method is doing that face to face in the form of an interview. Doing it in the form of and interview is just as good and means that people will not have as much time to think about the answer and will just give you a honest answer.
Secondary research
Secondary research is not the same as primary research Secondary research is the kind of research that you don't go out and find yourself. Often it is reading someone else's research in the form of a book or a website. Finding secondary research is a lot cheaper to fill out than finding primary research, because you have to pay someone to go out and get the primary research.
Secondary research is very difference to primary research because secondary research is researching events that have already happened and looking at past bushiness and the stats behind them so that you can adjust your business plan accordingly. Secondary evidence is through looking through previous records. The previous records will show where the business made money and where they lost money. This would be very helpful and make it easier to understand the market before you go into it.
Pros and Cons of Secondary and primary research
Primary research
Pros --Carrying out primary research means that you get direct answers to your questions.
-You can also have loads of control of how the research is collected. (Location) (Time in the day) -You won’t be paying out money for information that you don’t want, so you won’t be waiting money on irrelevant information. -More reliable because it is brand new information |
Cons --Primary research is more expensive than secondary research (paying people to go and gather evidence)
- In order to do it properly it is very time consuming - It is not always feasible |
Analysis of primary research's pros and cons
There are a lot of pros for using primary research and I have listed them above so that they are clear. When analysing them it is clear that caring primary research is a very good way to get the exact information that you want. Its the most direct method of researching. Having said that there are some downsides. It is very costly and it is very time consuming. So having analysed it i have decided that this would be the kind of research that would be done by a big company with lots of money and lots of workers.
Secondary research
Pros --Very easy to find (internet, books ect)
-It is cheaper to carry out than outer kinds of research like primary research -It is not as time consuming as carrying out primary research - It can answer the research questions that you have |
Cons --The information that you gather from secondary research is not always reliable
-It is harder to find specifically what you are researching for and you often have to read a lot of irrelevant information -Sometimes the information is incomplete, and you have wasted a lot of time reading up about it - The evidence could be out of date so you must be careful |
Analysis of secondary research pros and cons
I have written out the pros and cons of secondary research above and when analysing them it is clear that there are an equal amount of pros and cons to secondary research. On one hand secondary research is easy to access and very cheep and in some cases is a lot less time consuming than primary. One the outer hand, secondary research is relying on research that outer people have done. This begs the question: is it reliable? is it out of date?
Marketing in the music industry
It is clear that marketing is essential throughout all of the music industry and any industry that involves selling a product for that matter. There are lots of different ways that marketing is done by company in the music industry. It varys from company to company but generally the the big company that have lots of money behind them do it differently from the smaller company's with not as much funding.
Marketing Methods used in the industry
One very commonly used marketing method in the music industry is a very simple one, distributing and giving music away for free. One examples of where this has been very sucsesful in the music business was with a band called that arctic monkeys. They began by giving away free downloads online and giving free CDs away at there shows. Another very stressful example of this is when Prince famously released a free album in a copy of the mail on Sunday. So just using these two examples we can see that that marketing method can be very successful when done correctly.
It is clear that marketing is essential throughout all of the music industry and any industry that involves selling a product for that matter. There are lots of different ways that marketing is done by company in the music industry. It varys from company to company but generally the the big company that have lots of money behind them do it differently from the smaller company's with not as much funding.
Marketing Methods used in the industry
One very commonly used marketing method in the music industry is a very simple one, distributing and giving music away for free. One examples of where this has been very sucsesful in the music business was with a band called that arctic monkeys. They began by giving away free downloads online and giving free CDs away at there shows. Another very stressful example of this is when Prince famously released a free album in a copy of the mail on Sunday. So just using these two examples we can see that that marketing method can be very successful when done correctly.
Product
The product is very important because without a good product you cannot expect anybody to buy it. If the product is really rubbish then its not going to sell. Where as if the product is god and people like it then it will be easy to sell with a good marketing method.
Price
Price is very important. Because there is a fine line between a product being well priced and it being overpriced and not as many people will buy the product if it is overpriced or they can get it cheaper elsewhere.
Placement
Putting the product in the right place is very important. You want you product to be in the place where the target audience are. The reason that you want to do this is because obviously the target audience are the people who are going to buy your product.
Promotion
Promoting your product is a very important thing too. The reason for this is that the promoting is how people are going to hear about your product. People are going to find out about it though the methods you use to promote it. So you need to put up the posters and flyers in the right places and promote your product to the target audiences.
The product is very important because without a good product you cannot expect anybody to buy it. If the product is really rubbish then its not going to sell. Where as if the product is god and people like it then it will be easy to sell with a good marketing method.
Price
Price is very important. Because there is a fine line between a product being well priced and it being overpriced and not as many people will buy the product if it is overpriced or they can get it cheaper elsewhere.
Placement
Putting the product in the right place is very important. You want you product to be in the place where the target audience are. The reason that you want to do this is because obviously the target audience are the people who are going to buy your product.
Promotion
Promoting your product is a very important thing too. The reason for this is that the promoting is how people are going to hear about your product. People are going to find out about it though the methods you use to promote it. So you need to put up the posters and flyers in the right places and promote your product to the target audiences.
What marketing is and its purpose. - the 4 'P's, market research etc
You need to compare the ways a small independent company would market a product versus a big company (big festival promoter, major record label)
1 Know about marketing techniques used by music businesses
Market research: primary research eg surveys, questionnaires, interviews; secondary research eg internal
records, data from previous events
Marketing mix: product; analysis of event/production; price; costs, production budget; place; venue(s),
promotion; forms of publicity, distribution methods
Music businesses: eg record companies, production companies, CD manufacturing companies, agencies,
PR companies; publicly funded organisations; non profit organisation eg organisations and companies with
charitable status
(you need to give more examples of advertising methods and compare them to reach higher grades – online, press adverts/interviews, radio play, radio/tv adverts)
You need to compare the ways a small independent company would market a product versus a big company (big festival promoter, major record label)
1 Know about marketing techniques used by music businesses
Market research: primary research eg surveys, questionnaires, interviews; secondary research eg internal
records, data from previous events
Marketing mix: product; analysis of event/production; price; costs, production budget; place; venue(s),
promotion; forms of publicity, distribution methods
Music businesses: eg record companies, production companies, CD manufacturing companies, agencies,
PR companies; publicly funded organisations; non profit organisation eg organisations and companies with
charitable status
(you need to give more examples of advertising methods and compare them to reach higher grades – online, press adverts/interviews, radio play, radio/tv adverts)